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关于从文艺复兴至20世纪初这段时期的犹太历史,虽然内容深奥且容易激发阅读热情的学术性文献浩如烟海,但真正适于一般读者的浅显读物却如凤毛麟角。当然,风格温和但有些古怪的学者Melvin Konner的《居无定所:犹太人类学》(Unsettled: An Anthropology of the Jews,New York,2003)和Howard M. Sachar的《现代世界犹太史》(A History of the Jews in the Modern World,New York,2006)属于例外。Paul Johnson的《犹太人的历史》(A History of the Jews,London,1987)虽然在时间上跨越了上下四千年,但仍然有着上佳的阅读价值。令人痛心的是,本书在诸多主题上反复引用的Cecil Roth 的叙事性著述目前大多已经脱销,但仍然值得你下力气淘换一两本读一读,尤其是History of the Jews of Italy (Philadelphia,1946),The Duke of Naxos of the House of Nasi (Philadelphia,1948),The Jews in the Renaissance,(Philadelphia,1959 ),以及A History of the Jews in England (rev.edn,Oxford,1978 )。关于犹太解放运动及其面临的挑战的经典著述,可参阅Jacob Katz,Out of the Ghetto:The Social Background of Jewish Emancipation,1770~1870 (Cambridge,MA,1973; 2nd edn,Syracuse,1998)。

关于犹太文化和历史方面的专题研究, 可参阅Ruth Wisse,Jews and Power(New York,2007);Amos Oz and Fania Oz-Salzberger,Jews and Words(New Haven,2013);Amos Elon,The Pity of It All: A Portrait of the Jews in Germany, 1743~1943(London,2003);Ruth Gay,The Jews of Germany: An Historical Portrait(New Haven,1992);Riccardo Calimani, The Ghetto of Venice(Milan,1995);Mozes Heiman Gans 体量庞大、插图精美的巨著Memorboek: A History of Dutch Jewry from the Renaissance to 1940 (Baarn,1977);Nils Roemer,German City, Hewish Memory: The Story of Worms(Waltham,MA,2010 );Todd M. Endelman,The Jews of Britain, 1656~2000(Berkeley,2002);Hasia Diner,A New Promised Land: A History of Jews in America(Oxford,2000) and The Jews of the United States, 1654~2000 (Berkeley,2004);Jonathan D. Sarna,The American Jewish Experience(New York,1997)。

关于这一时期的艺术与建筑,可参阅Richard I.Cohen,Jewish Icons: Art and Society in Modern Europe(Berkeley,1998)。关于犹太会堂,可参阅Carol Krinsky,The Synagogues of Europe:Architecture,History,Meaning(New York,1985)。凡对于犹太会堂的恢弘设计感兴趣的读者,可访问“ 犹太遗产 基金会”(The Foundation for Jewish Heritage)和“希伯来大学会堂测绘计划犹太艺术研究中心”(Centre for Jewish Art of the Hebrew University’s Synagogue Mapping Project)两家优秀网站,尤其是后者对欧洲各地亟待修复的犹太会堂给予了特别的关注;而口碑甚佳的网站“会堂360”(Synagogue360)则可以对全世界的犹太会堂(从印度喀拉拉邦到美国南卡罗来纳)提供网上浏览的便利。

由中世纪历史学家Yitzahk Baer 在战争的黑夜即将降临的1936年创作完成、但却于战争发生重要转折的1947年才得以正式出版的才华横溢、文字优美的“沉思录” ——《流放》(Galut)的英文版(Robert Warshaw译)无疑是犹太文学宝库中皇冠顶上最耀眼的明珠。关于这一沉重的主题,还有一篇由Josef Hayim Yerushalmi 完成的充满哀婉气氛的文章,“Exile and Expulsion in Jewish History”,in Benjamin R. Gampel(ed.),Crisis and Creativity in the Sephardic World, 1391~1648(New York,1997),以及该作者的另一部力作Zakhor: Jewish History and Jewish Memory(Seattle,1982)。

David Biale 编著的《犹太人的文化》(The Cultures of the Jews,New York,2002)是一部全面反映最新历史思考成果的重要文集,其中不仅有用一大卷的篇幅记述了从远古《圣经》时代直至现在的整个发展脉络,还在第3 卷(Modern Encounters)中全面阐述了犹太文化的现状。关于现代早期的情况,可参阅David Ruderman,Early Modern Jewry: A New Cultural History(Princeton, 2010)一书。关于现代早期的犹太人,最重要的著作当属Jonathan I. Israel, European Jewry in the Age of Mercantilism, 1550~1750(Oxford,1985)。另可参阅Richard L. Kagan and Philip D. Morgan(eds.), Atlantic Diaspora: Jews, Conversos and Crypto-Jews in the Age of Mercantilism 1500~1800(Baltimore, 2009);Jacob Katz,Jewish Emancipation and Self-Emancipation(New York, 1986); and Michael Meyer,The Origins of the Modern Jews: Jewish Identity and European Culture in Germany, 1749~1824。关于犹太名人传记和宗教史诗, 可以参阅Michael Stanislawsky,Autobiographical Jews: Essays in Jewish Self-Fashioning(Seattle,2004)。尽管Yuri Slezkine 的《犹太世纪》(The Jewish Century,Princeton,2004)相对集中地记述了1850~1950年这段历史,但在记述犹太历史的著作(甚至可以说所有的著作)中,这无疑是一本振奋人心的力作。

兹将更多的专论分述如下:

关于文艺复兴时期:Hillel Halkin,Across the Sabbath River: In Search of a Lost Tribe of Israel(New York,2006);David B. Ruderman,The World of a Renaissance Jew: The Life and Thought of Abraham ben Mordecai Farissol (Cincinatt,1981);David B. Ruderman,Jewish Thought and Scientific Discovery in Early Modern Europe(Detroit,2001);David B. Ruderman(ed.),Preachers in the Italian Ghetto(Berkeley,2002);Aaron Di Leone Leoni,The Hebrew Portugese Nations in Antwerp and London at the Time of Charles V and Henry VIII: New Documents and Interpretations(Jersey City,2005);Andrée Aelion Brooks,The Woman Who Defied Kings: The Life and times of Do a Gracia Nasi(St Paul,2002);Ahuva Belkin(ed.), Leone de Sommi and the Performing Arts(Tel Aviv,1997);Roberto Bonfil,Jewish Life in Renaissance Italy,trans.Anthony Oldcorn(Berkeley,1994);Kenneth R. Stow,Jewish Life in Early Modern Rome: Challenge, Conversion and Private Life(Aldershot,2007);Elisheva Carlebach,Palaces of Time:Jewish Calendar and Culture in Early Modern Europe (Cambridge,MA,2011);Robert C.Davis and Benjamin Ravid,The Jews of Early Modern Venice(Baltimore,2001);Brian Pullan,The Jews of Europe and the Inqusition of Venice, 1550~1670(Oxford,1983);Sarra Copia Sulam, Jewish Poet and Intellectual in Seventeenth-Century Venice: The Works of Sarra Copia Sulam in Verse and Prose,trans. and ed. Don Harrán(Chicago,2009), Don Harrán,Salomone Rossi: Jewish Musician in Late Renaissance Mantua (Oxford,1999)。

关于塞法迪犹太人:Esther Benbassa and Aron Rodrigue,Sephardi Jewry: A History of the Judeo-Spanish Community, 14th~20th Centuries(Berkeley, 1995);Benjamin R. Gampel(ed.), Crisis and Continuity in the Sephardi World (New York,1999);Yirimiyahu Yovel,The Others Within: Split Identity, The Marrano and Emerging Modernity(Princeton,2009);Jessica Vance Roitman, The Same but Different?Inter-cultural Trade and the Sephardim 1595~1640 (London,2011);Renée Levine Melammed,A Question od Identity: Iberian Conversos in Historical Perspective(New York,2004)。

关于荷兰犹太人:Jonathan I. Israel and Reinier Salverda(eds.),Dutch Jewry: Its History and Secular Culture, 1500~2000(Leiden,2002);Miriam Bodian,Hebrews of the Portuguese Nation: Conversos and Community in Early Modern Amsterdam(Bloomington,1997); Tirtsah Levie Bernfeld,Poverty and Welfare among the Portuguese Jews in Early Modern Amsterdam(Oxford,2012); Steven Nadler,Rembrandt’s Jews(Chicago,2003);Michael Zell,Reframing Rembrandt: Jews and the Christian Image in Amsterdam(Berkeley,2002)。关于斯宾诺莎,可参见Don Garrett(ed.),The Cambridge Companion to Spinoza (Cambridge,1996);Steven Nadler,Spinoza: A Life(Cambridge,1999); Steven Nadler,A Book Forged in Hell: Spinoza’s Scandalous Treatise and the Birth of the Secular Age(Princeton,2011);Susan James,Spinoza on Philosophy, Religion and Politics(Oxford,2012);Rebecca Newberger Goldstein, Betraying Spinoza: The Renegade Jew Who Gave Us Modernity(New York,2009);Peter Vlaardingerbroek(ed.),The Portuguese Synagogue in Amsterdam(Zwolle, 2012)。

关于沙巴泰•泽维:最经典的里程碑式著述当属Gershom Scholem, Sabbatai Zevi: The Mystical Messiah, 1626~1676,trans. R. J. Zwi Werblowsky, with an introduction by Yaacob Dweck(Princeton,1976; new edn Baltimore, 2009)。关于来自加沙的拿单,可参见Matt Goldish,The Shabbetean Prophets (Cambridge,MA,2006);David J. Halperin,Sabbatai Zevi: Testimonies to a Fallen Messiah(Berkeley,1996);Pawel Macjieko(ed.),Sabbatian Heresy: Writings on Mysticism, Messianism and the Origins of Jewish Modernity (Waltham,MA,2017);Ada Rapoport-Albert,Women and the Messianic Heresy of Shabbetai Zevi, 1666~1816(Liverpool,2015)。关于弗兰克运动,可参见Pawel Macjieko,The Mixed Multitude: Jacob Frank and the Frankist Movement, 1755~1816(Philadelphia,2011)。

关于德国及“哈斯卡拉”(犹太启蒙运动):Vivian B. Mann and Richard I. Cohen(eds.),From Court Jews to the Rothschilds: Art, Patronage and Power 1600~1800(New York,1997);Shmuel Feiner,The Origins of Jewish Secularization in Eighteenth-Cetury Europe,trans. Chaya Naor(Philadelphia, 2010);David Solkin,The Religious Enlightenment: Protestants, Jews and Catholics from London to Vienna(Princeton,2011);David Solkin, The Berlin Haskalah and German Religious Thought: Orphans of Knowledge(London, 2000);David Solkin,Moses Mendelssohn and the Religious Enlightenment (Berkeley,1996);Michael A. Meyer,The Origins of the Modern Jews: Jewish Identity and European Culture in Germany, 1749~1824(Detroit,1967); Alexander Altmann, Moses Mendelssohn: A Biographical Study(Oxford,1998); Allan Arkush,Moses Mendelssohn and the European Enlightenment(New York, 1994);Michah Gottlieb(ed.),Moses Mendelssohn:Writings on Judaism, Christianity and the Bible(Waltham,MA,2011);Michah Gottlieb,Faith and Freedom: Moses Mendelssohn’s Theological-Political Thought(Oxford,2011); Shmuel Feiner and David Solkin(eds.),New Perspectives on the Haskalah (Oxford,2004);Shmuel Feiner and Natalie Naimark-Goldberg,Cultural Revolution in Berlin: Jews in the Age of the Enlightenment(Oxford,2011); Jacob Katz,Exclusiveness and Tolerance: Studies in Jewish-Gentile Relations in Medieval and Modern Times(Oxford,1961);H. M. Graupe,The Rise of Modern Judaism: An Intellectual History of German Jewry, 1650~1942,trans. John Robinson(Huntington,NY,1978);Deborah Hertz,Jewish High Society in Old Regime Berlin(New Haven,1988);Hannah Arendt,Rahel Varnhagen: The Life of a Jewess,ed. Liliane Weissberg,trans. Richard and Clara Winston (Baltimore,1997)。

关于英国、法国及大西洋世界:David Cesarani(ed.),Port Jews: Jewish Communities in Trading Centres, 1550~1950(London,2007);Paolo Bernardini and Norman Fiering(eds.),The Jews and the Expansion of Europe to the West, 1450~1800(New York,2001);Lois Dubin,The Port Jews of Habsburg Trieste: Absolutist Politics and Enlightenment Culture(Stanford,1999);Gedalia Yogev, Diamonds and Coral: Anglo-Dutch Jews and Eighteenth-Century Trade(London, 1978);Francesca Trivellato,The Familiarity of Strangers: The Sephardic Diaspora, Livorno and Cross-cultural Trade in the Early Modern Period(New Haven,2009);Todd Endelman,The Jews of Georgian England, 1740~1830: Tradition and Change in a Liberal Society(Ann Arbor,1999);V. D. Lipman (ed.),Three Centuries of Anglo-Jewish History: A Volume of Essays(London, 1961);Frances Malino,The Sephardic Jews of Bordeaux: Assimilation and Emancipation in Revolution and Napoleonic France(Alabama,2003); Frances Malino,A Jew in the French Revolution: The Life of Zalkind Hourwitz (Cambridge,MA,1996);Arthur Hertzberg,The French Enlightenment and the Jews: The Origins of Modern Anti-Semitism(New York,1968);Ronald Schechter,Obstinate Hebrews: Representations of Jews in France, 1715~1815 (Berkeley,2003);Zosa Szajkowski, Jews and the French Revolution of 1789, 1830 and 1848(New York,1970);Frederic Cople Jaher,The Jews and the Nation: Revolution, Emancipation, State Formation and the Liberal Paradigm in America and France(Princeton,2002);Michael Brenner,Vicki Caron and Uri R. Kaufmann(eds.),Jewish Emancipation Reconsidered: The French and German Models(London,2003);Frank Felsenstein,Anti-Semitic Stereotypes: A Paradigm of Otherness in English Popular Culture, 1660~1830(Baltimore, 1999)。

关于东欧和“栅栏区”:对犹太村庄最为经典的描绘当属Mark Zborowski and Elizabeth Herzog,Life Is with People:The Culture of the Shtetl,with a foreword(remarkably) by Margaret Mead(New York,1952)。但是, 我们对这些犹太村庄实际情况的了解或许会由于大量基于档案的晚近历史研究成果而进一步深化。这方面的重要著述包括:Antony Polonsky,The Jews in Poland and Russia: A Short History(Oxford,2013);Chimen Abramsky (ed.),The Jews in Poland(Oxford,1971);Israel Bartal,The Jews of Eastern Europe,1772~1881,trans.Chaya Naor(Philadelphia,2005);Gershon David Hundert,Jews in Poland-Lithuania in the Eighteenth Century: A Genealogy of Modernity(Berkeley,2004);Yohanan Petrovsky-Shtern,The Golden Age of the Shtetl: A New History of Jewish Life in Eastern Europe(Princeton,2013); Glenn Dynner,Yankel’sTavern: Jews, Liquor and Life in the Kingdom of Poland (Oxford,2013);Nancy Sinkoff,Out of the Shtetl: Making Jews Modern in the Polish Borderlands(Providence,2004)。

关于哈西德运动的兴起,最为经典的记述无疑是Gershom Scholem, Major Trends in Jewish Mysticism(New York,1946),但近年来围绕这一主题又出版了大量的论著,例如可参阅Ada Rapoport-Albert(ed.),Hasidism Reappraised (Oxford,1996);Moshe Idel,Hasidism: Between Ecstasy and Magic(New York,1995);Glen Dynner,Men of Silk: Hasidic Conquest of Polish Jewish Society(Oxford,2008);David Assaf,Untold Tales of the Hasidim: Crisis and Discontent in the History of Hasidism(Waltham,MA,2010);Moshe Rosman, Founder of Hasidism: A Quest for the Historical Baal Shem Tov(Oxford, 2007);Eliyahu Stern,Genius: Elijah of Vilna and the Making of Modern Judaism (New Haven,2013);Michael Stanislawski,Tsar Nicholas I and the Jews: The Transformation of Jewish Society in Russia 1825~1855(Philadelphia,1983); ChaeRan Freeze and Jay M.Harris(eds.),Everyday Jewish Life in Imperial Russia: Selected Documents, 1772~1991(Waltham,MA,2013)。

关于19世纪的美国犹太人:Morris U. Schappes,A Documentary History of the Jews in the United States, 1654~1875(New York,1971);Marc Lee Raphael(ed.),The Columbia History of Jews and Judaism in America(New York,2008);Jonathan D. Sarna,American Judaism: A History(New Haven, 2004);Jonathan D.Sarna,Jacksonia n Jews: Two Worlds of Mordecai Noah (New York,1981);Jonathan D. Sarna,When General Grant Expelled the Jews (New York,2012);Jacob R. Marcus(ed.),The American Jewish Woman: A Documentary History(New York,1981);Ira Dye,Uriah Levy: Reformer of the Antebellum Navy(Gainesville,2006);Marc Leepson,Saving Monticello: The Levy Family’sEpic Quest to Save the House Jefferson Built(Charlottesville,2001); Hasia Diner,Roads Taken: The Great Jewish Migrations to the New World and the Peddlers Who Forged the Way(New Haven,2015);Ava F. Kahn(ed.),Jewish Voices of the Golden Rush: A Documentary History 1849~1880(Detroit,2002); Jeanne E. Abrams,Jewish Women Pioneering the Frontier Trail: A History in the American West(New York,2006)。

关于现代化进程和自由主义:David Conway,Jewry in Music: Entry to the Profession from the Enlightenment to Richard Wagner(Cambridge,2012);Heinz and Gudrun Becker,Giacomo Meyerbeer: A Life in Letters, trans. Mark Violette(London,1983);The Diaries of Giacomo Meyerbeer,4 vols,trans. and eds. Robert Ignatius Letellier(Madison,NJ,1999~2004);Niall Ferguson, The World’s Banker: The History of the House of Rothschild(London,1998); Claude Collard and Melanie Aspey(eds.),Les Rothschild en France au XIXe siècle(Paris,2013);Helen M. Davies,Emile and Issac Pereire: Bankers, Socialists and Sephardi Jews in Nineteenth-Century France(Manchester,2014); Jerry Z. Muller,Capitalism and the Jews(Princeton,2010);Abigail Green, Moses Montefiore: Jewish Liberator, Imperial Hero(Cambridge,2012);Adam Kirsch,Benjamin Disraeli(New York,2008);Aron Rodrigue,French Jews, Turkish Jews: The Alliance Israelite Universelle and the Politics of Schooling in Turkey, 1680~1925(Bloomington,1990);Jonathan Frankel,The Damascus Affair: “Ritual Murder”, Politics, and the Jews in 1840(Cambridge,1997); David Kertzer,The Kidnapping of Edgardo Mortara(New York,2008);Keith H. Pickus,Constructing Modern Identities: Jewish University Students in Germany, 1815~1914(Detroit,1999);Michael A. Meyer(ed.),German Jewish History in Modern Times, Vol.2, Integration and Dispute 1870~1918(New York,1978); Robert S. Wistrich,The Jews of Vienna in the Age of Franz Joseph(Oxford, 1989);Steven E. Aschheim, Brothers and Strangers: The Eastern European Jews in Germany and the German Jewish Consciousness, 1800~1923(Madison, 1982);Jehuda Reinharz and Walter Schatzberg(eds.),The Jewish Response to German Culture: From the Enlightenment to the Second World War(Hanover, NH,1988);Steven J. Zipperstein,The Jews of Odessa: A Cultural History, 1794~1881(Stanford,1986);Jarrod Tanny,City of Rogues and Schnorrers: Russian Jews and Myths of Old Odessa(Bloomington,2011);Norman A. Stillman,The Jews of Arab Lands: A History and Source Book(Philadelphia, 1979);Reeva Spector Simon,Michael Menachem Laskier and Sara Reguer (eds.),The Jews of the Middle East and North Africa in Modern Times(New York,2002)。

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